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It has been suggested that stress can be thought of as resulting from an imbalance between demands and resources, or as occurring when pressure exceeds one's perceived ability to cope. Stress management was developed and premised on the idea that stress is not a direct response to a stressor but rather one's resources and ability to cope mediate the stress response and are amenable to change, thus allowing stress to be controllable.
In order to develop an effective stress management programme it is first necessary to identify the factors that are central to a person controlling his/her stress, and to identify the intervention methods which effectively target these factors. Stress can be reduced by helping stressed people change their perceptions of stressors, providing them with strategies to help them cope and improving their confidence in their ability to do so.
More and more the swing is towards a non-medical holistic approach to stress. And here there are a plethora of holistic therapies that can give great benefit, improving the sense of well-being, helping to restore physical and mental health. The therapeutic qualities of many of these therapies is now widely recognised and the list is endless.
Some ways in which key body systems react to stress
- Nervous System
When stressed, ehe body shifts its energy resources to fighting off the percieved threat. This is the so-called "fight or flight" response where the sympathetic nervous system signals the adrenal glands to release adrelanine and cortisol. These hormones increase heart rate, raise blood pressure, change the digestive process and boost glucose levels in the bloodstream. Once the crisis passes, body systems usually return to normal.
- Musculoskeletal System
Under stress, muscles tense up. The contraction of muscles for extended periods can trigger tension headaches, migraines and various musculoskeletal conditions.
- Respiratory System
Stress can make you breathe harder and cause rapid breathing — or hyperventilation — which can bring on panic attacks in some people.
- Cardiovasculay System
Acute stress — stress that is momentary, such as being stuck in traffic — causes an increase in heart rate and stronger contractions of the heart muscle. Blood vessels that direct blood to the large muscles and to the heart dilate, increasing the amount of blood pumped to these parts of the body. Repeated episodes of acute stress can cause inflammation in the coronary arteries, thought to lead to heart attack.
- Endocrine System
- Adrenal glands — When the body is stressed, the brain sends signals from the hypothalamus, causing the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol and the adrenal medulla to produce epinephrine — sometimes called the ‘‘stress hormones.’’
- Liver — When cortisol and epinephrine are released, the liver produces more glucose, a blood sugar that would give you the energy for ‘‘fight or flight’’ in an emergency.
- Gastrointestinal System
- Esophagus — Stress may prompt you to eat much more or much less than you usually do. If you eat more or different foods or increase your use of tobacco or alcohol, you may experience heartburn, or acid reflux.
- Stomach — Your stomach can react with ‘‘butterflies’’ or even nausea or pain. You may vomit if the stress is severe enough.
- Bowels — Stress can affect digestion and which nutrients your intestines absorb. It can also affect how quickly food moves through your body. You may find that you have either diarrhea or constipation.
- Reproductive System
- In men, excess amounts of cortisol, produced under stress, can affect the normal functioning of the reproductive system. Chronic stress can impair testosterone and sperm production and cause impotence.
- In women, stress can cause absent or irregular menstrual cycles or more-painful periods. It can also reduce sexual desire.
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Face to face consultation
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